Publications

For the most up-to-date list of publications, please visit our Google Scholar page

2026

  • M. Di Lauro, F. Alibart, O. Bardagot, P. Belleri, M. Benwadih, A. Benyahia, L. Bongartz, A.J. Boys, U. Bruno, M. Caironi, M.I.C. Hernández, V. Criscuolo, S. Danthon, G. Darbandy, A. De Salvo, M.D. Dickey, S.V. El Nakouzi, S. Fabiano, M. Fattori, E. Feltri, D. Gallaire, E. Gerente, P. Gkoupidenis, A. Handelman, M. Ienca, S. Inal, B. Iniguez, E. Ismailova, L. Kadura, R.Kantelberg, S. Kashani, S.T. Keene, Y. Kim, H. Kleemann, E.J.W. List Kratochvil, I. Krauhausen, Z. Li, G. Ligorio, N. Lobato-Dauzier, A. Luzio, C.D. Matthus, T. Meier, A. Offenhaeusser, S. Paul, N. Prudnikov, V. Rincon Montes, F. Santoro, W. Shan, A. Solgi, E. Telahun Teka, L. Teuerle, W.T. Ting, F. Torricelli, L. Tournon, Y. van de Burgt, Y. Wang, Y. Yoon, A. Zaibi, D. Zucchelli, L.E. Calvet “Roadmap for neuromorphic organic devices” Neuromorphic Comput. Eng. (2026). https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ae9338

  • J. Park, T. Liu, S. Okafor, A. Goestenkors, B. Semar, S. Montgomery, S.T. Keene, A. Rutz* “Characterizing PEDOT: PSS for Electronic Control of Stiffness” Adv. Function. Mater. 36, e76262 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.76262

  • T.P.A.v.d. Pol†, D. Lyu†, Z. Truyens†, V. Lemaur, D. Tsokkou, A. Magni, C. Musumeci, H.-Y. Wu, J. Ji, D. Cornil, C.-Y. Yang, S.T. Keene, G. D’Avino, A. Salleo, N. Banerji, C. Grey, D. Beljonne, S. Fabiano* “Cation-polymer interactions drive water expulsion and deswelling in n-type ladder organic mixed conductors” Nat. Mater. 25, 832-839 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-025-02478-2

  • L.J.L. Striethorst, S.T. Keene, B. Lüssem* “Recent Developments in OECT Modeling” MRS Bulletin 51, 396-404 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-025-01047-x

  • P. Ghosh, J. Royakkers, G. Londi, S. Giannini, R. Arul, A.J. Gillett, S.T. Keene, S.J. Zelewski, D. Beljonne*, H. Bronstein*, A. Rao* “Vibronically assisted sub-cycle charge transfer at a non-fullerene acceptor heterojunction” Nat. Commun. 17, 2165 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-70292-8

2025

  • Y. Uda, E.W.C. Chan, T. Lambden, S.T. Keene, X. Sin, Z. Zujovic, D. Barker, P. Midgley, G. Malliaras, J. Travas-Sejdic* “Graft length and density govern morphology and optoelectronic properties of poly(caprolactone)-graft-oligo(3-hexylthiophene)s” Polym. Chem. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/d5py00815h

  • N. Arthur, S.T. Keene, T.Q. Nguyen, S. Yambem* “Solid-State Organic Electrochemical Transistors” Mater. Horiz. 12, 9994-10014 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MH00953G

  • B. Mayol, I.Z. Qubbaj, J. Nava-Granados, K. Vasquez, S.T. Keene*, J.R. Sempionatto* “Aptamer and Oligonucleotide-Based Biosensors for Health Applications” Biosensors 15, 277 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15050277

  • S. Doshi†*, M. Forner†, P. Wang, S. El Hadwe, A. Jin, K. Brinson, J. Lim, A. Dominguez-Alfaro, D.G. Barone, G. Hong, M.L. Brongersma, N.A. Melosh*, G.G. Malliaras*, S.T. Keene* “Thermal processing creates water-stable PEDOT:PSS films for bioelectronics” Adv. Mater. 2415827 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202415827

  • X. Tao, A. Carnicer-Lombarte, A. Dominguez-Alfaro, L. Gatecliff, J. Zhang, S. Bidinger, S.T. Keene, T.E. Naegele, S. El Hadwe, C. Dong, A.J. Boys, C. Slaughter, R. Ruiz-Mateos Serrano, M. Vinicio Alban-Paccha, S. Kar-Narayan, G.G. Malliaras* “Cleanroom-free Toolkit for Patterning Submicron-resolution Biolelectronics on Flexibles” Small 2411979 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202411979

  • R. Chowdhury†, M.D. Preuss†, H.-H. Cho, J.J.P. Thompson, S. Sen, T. Baikie, P. Ghosh, Y. Boeije, X.-W. Chua, K.-W. Chang, E. Guo, J. van der Tol, B.W.L. van den Bersselaar, A. Taddeucci, N. Daub, D.M. Dekker, S.T. Keene, G. Vantomme, B. Ehrler, S.C.J. Meskers, A. Rao, B. Monserrat, E.W. Meijer, R.H. Friend “Circularly polarised electroluminescence from chiral excitons in vacuum-sublimed supramolecular semiconductor thin films” Science 387, 1175-1181(2025). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adt3011

  • S. Doshi, A. Ji, A.I. Mahdi, S.T. Keene, S.P. Selvin, P. Lalanne, E.A. Appel, N.A. Melosh*, M.L. Brongersma*, “Electrochemically mutable soft metasurfaces” Nat. Mater. 24, 205-211 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-024-02042-4

  • J. Bisquert*, S.T. Keene, “Ionic-electronic transistors small signal AC admittance: theory and experiment” Adv. Sci. 12, 2410393 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202410393

  • H. Yu, A. Marks, S.M. Tuladhar, N. Siemons, I. Anderson, S. Bidinger, S.T. Keene, T.J. Quill, R. Wu, O. Gough, G. Wu, F. Eisner, A. Salleo, J. Rivnay, G.G. Malliaras, P.R.F. Barnes, I. McCulloch, J. Nelson*, “The influence of Alkyl Spacers and Molecular Weight on the Charge Transport and Storage Properties of Oxy-Bithiophene-Based Conjugated Polymers” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 64, e202417897 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202417897

2024

  • C. Slaughter†, S. Velasco-Bosom†, X. Tao, R.R.M. Serrano, S. Kissovsky, R. Mizuta, D. Mantione, S.T. Keene, G.G. Malliaras*, A. Dominguez-Alfaro*, “Electrogelation of PEDOT:PSS and its copolymer for bioelectronics” J. Mater. Chem. C 12, 14944-14954 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TC02908A

  • A.J. Boys*, S.T. Keene, “Bioelectronic Interfacial Matching for Superior Implant Design” Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 5 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101877

  • E.P.W. Jenkins, S.T. Keene, P.J. Oldroyd, I.B. Dimov, G.G. Malliaras*, “High Capacitance Freestanding PEDOT:PSS Electrodes for Low-Frequency Electric Field Delivery” AIP Adv. 14, 035006 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0180487

  • L. Taussig, M. Ghasemi, S. Han, A.L. Kwansa, R. Li, S.T. Keene, N. Woodward, Y.G. Yingling, G.G. Malliaras*, E.D. Gomez*, A. Amassian*, “Electrostatic self-assembly yields a structurally stabilized PEDOT:PSS with efficient mixed transport and high-performance OECTs” Matter 7, 1071-1091 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2023.12.021

  • S.T. Keene*, L.W. Gatecliff, S.L. Bidinger, M. Moser, I. McCulloch, G.G. Malliaras, “Stable operating windows for polythiophene organic electrochemical transistors” MRS Comms. 14, 158-166 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43579-023-00511-6

    2023

  • S. Fabiano, L. Flagg, T.C. Hidalgo Castillo, S. Inal*, L.G. Kaake, L.V. Kayser, S.T. Keene, S. Ludwigs, C. Muller, B.M. Savoie, B. Lüssem, J.L. Lutkenhaus, M. Matta, D. Meli, S.N. Patel, B.D. Paulsen, J. Rivnay*, J. Surgailis, “On the fundamentals of organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors” J. Mater. Chem. C 11, 14527-14539 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43579-023-00511-6

  • S.T. Keene*, A. Rao, G.G. Malliaras*, “The relationship between ionic-electronic coupling and transport in organic mixed conductors” Sci. Adv. 9, eadi3536 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi3536

  • S.T. Keene*, J. Laulainen, R. Pandya, M. Moser, C. Schnedermann, P.A. Midgley, I. McCulloch, A. Rao*, G.G. Malliaras*, “Hole-limited electrochemical doping in conjugated polymers” Nat. Mater. 22, 1121-1127 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-023-01601-5

  • D. Lyu,† Y. Jin,† P.C.M.M. Magusin, S. Sturniolo, E.W. Zhao, S. Yamamoto, S.T. Keene, G.G. Malliaras, C.P. Grey*, “Operando NMR electrochemical gating studies of ion dynamics in PEDOT:PSS” Nat. Mater.22, 746–753(2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-023-01524-1

  • Y. Zhang, M. Ngyuyen, C. Schnedermann, S.T. Keene, I. Jacobs, A. Rao, H. Sirringhaus* “Transmission-based charge modulation microscopy on polymer blend field-effect transistors” J. Chem. Phys. 158, 034201 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0132426

    2022

  • S.L. Bidinger, S.T. Keene, S. Han, K.W. Plaxco, G.G. Malliaras*, T. Hasan* “Pulsed Transistor operation enables miniaturization of electrochemical aptamer-based sensors” Sci. Adv. 8, eadd4111 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add4111

  • S.T. Keene*, W. Michaels, A. Melianas, T.J. Quill, E.J. Fuller, A. Giovannitti, A.A. Talin, C. Tassone, I. McCulloch, J. Qin, A. Troisi*, A. Salleo*, “Efficient electronic tunnelling governs transport in conductive polymer-insulator blends” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144, 10368-10376 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c02139

  • S.T. Keene†, V. Gueskine†, G. Malliaras, M. Berggren, K. Tybrandt, I. Zozoulenko*, "Exploiting Mixed Conducting Polymers in Organic and Bioelectronic Devices" Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 24, 19144-19163 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CP02595G

  • T.J. Quill, S.T. Keene, A. Salleo “2022 Roadmap on Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering – Organic Materials” Neuromorph. Comput. Eng. 2, 022501 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1088/2634-4386/ac4a83

    2021

  • Krauhausen, D.A. Koutsouras, A. Melianas, S.T. Keene, K. Lieberth, H. Ledanseur, R. Sheelamanthula, A. Giovannitti, F. Torricelli, I. McCulloch, P.W.M. Blom, A. Salleo*, Y. van de Burgt*, P. Gkoupidenis*, “Organic neuromorphic electronics for sensorimotor integration and learning in robotics” Sci. Adv. 7, eabl5068 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl5068

  • T.J. Quill, G. LeCroy, A. Melianas, D. Rawlings, Q. Thiburce, R. Sheelamanthula, C. Cheng, Y. Tuchman, S.T. Keene, I. McCulloch, R. Segalman, M.L. Chabinyc, A. Salleo*, “Ion Pair Uptake in Ion Gel Devices Based on Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors” Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2104301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202104301

  • S.T.M. Tan, S. Keene, A. Giovannitti, A. Melianas, M. Moser, I. McCulloch, A. Salleo*, “Operation mechanism of organic electrochemical transistors as redox chemical transducers”J. Mater. Chem. C 9, 12148-12158 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TC02224E

  • A. Gumyusenge*, A. Melianas*, S.T. Keene, A. Salleo, “Materials Strategies for Organic Neuromorphic Devices” Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 51, 5.1–5.25 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-080619-111402

  • S.T. Keene, P. Gkoupidenis, Y.v.d. Burgt “Neuromorphic computing systems based on flexible organic electronics”, Chap. 18 in Piero Cosseddu, Mario Caironi (ed.) “Organic Flexible Electronics” ISBN 9780128188903, Woodhead Publishing, 531-574 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818890-3.00018-7

    2020

  • Y. Chen†, N.J. Rommelfanger†, A.I. Mahdi†, X. Wu†, S.T. Keene, A. Obaid, A. Salleo, H. Wang*, G. Hong*, “How may flexible electronics facilitate neuroscience research?” Biomaterials, 120559 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120559

  • S.T. Keene†, C. Lubrano†, S. Kazemzadeh, A. Melianas, Y. Tuchman, G. Polino, L. Cina, A. Salleo*, Y.v.d. Burgt*, F. Santoro*, “A biohybrid synapse with neurotransmitter-mediated plasticity” Nat. Mater. 19, 969-973 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0703-y

  • A. Melianas*, T.J. Quill, G. LeCroy, Y. Tuchman, H.v. Loo, S.T. Keene, A. Giovannitti, H.R. Lee, I.P. Maria, I. McCulloch, A. Salleo*, “Temperature-resilient solid-state organic artificial synapses for neuromorphic computing” Sci. Adv. 6, eabb2958 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb2958

  • S. Keene, Y.v.d. Burgt*, “Lowering the threshold for bioelectronics” Nat. Mater. 19, 584-596 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0623-x

  • S.T. Keene, T.P.A.v.d. Pol, D. Zakhidov, C.H.L. Weijtens, R.A.J. Janssen, A. Salleo*, Y.v.d. Burgt*, “Enhancement-mode PEDOT:PSS Organic Electrochemical Transistors Using Molecular De-doping” Adv. Mater. 32, 2000270 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202000270

  • C. Dahlstöm*, V. López Durán, S.T. Keene, A. Salleo, M. Norgren, L. Wågberg, “Ion conductivity through TEMPO-mediated oxidated and periodate oxidated cellulose membranes” Carbohydrate Polymers 233, 115829 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115829

    2019

  • S.T. Keene, D. Fogarty, R. Cooke, C.D. Casadevall, A. Salleo*, O. Parlak*, “Wearable organic electrochemical transistor patch for multiplexed sensing of calcium and ammonium ions from human perspiration” Adv. Healthcare Mater. 8, 1901321 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201901321

  • Y.J. Tak, S.T. Keene, W.G. Kim, B.H. Kang, S.J. Kim, A. Salleo*, H.J. Kim*, “Multifunctional, room-temperature processible, heterogeneous organic passivation layer for oxide semiconductor thin-film transistors” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 2615-2624 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b16898

  • E.J. Fuller*, Y. Li, C. Bennet, S.T. Keene, A. Melianas, S. Agarwal, M.J. Marinella, A. Salleo, A.A. Talin*, “Redox transistors for neuromorphic computing” IBM J. Res. & Dev. 63, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1147/JRD.2019.2942285

  • T.P.A.v.d. Pol, S.T. Keene, B.W.H. Saes, S.C.J. Meskers, A. Salleo, Y.v.d. Burgt*, R.A.J. Janssen*, “The Mechanism of Dedoping PEDOT:PSS by Aliphatic Polyamines” J. of Phys. Chem. C 123, 24328-24337 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b07718

  • E.J. Fuller, S.T. Keene†, A. Melianas†, Z. Wang, S. Agarwal, Y. Li, Y. Tuchman, C.D. James, M.J. Marinella, J.J. Yang, A. Salleo*, A.A. Talin*, “Parallel programming of an ionic floating-gate memory array for scalable neuromorphic computing” Science 364 (6440), 570-574 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw5581

    2018

  • S.T. Keene, A. Melianas, Y.v.d. Burgt, A. Salleo*, “Mechanisms for Enhanced State Retention and Stability in Redox-Gated Organic Neuromorphic Devices” Adv. Electron. Mater. 5,1800686 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201800686

  • Y.J. Tak, F. Hilt, S.T. Keene, W.G. Kim, R.H. Dauskardt*, A. Salleo*, H.J. Kim*, “High-throughput open-air plasma activation of metal-oxide thin films with low thermal budget” ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 10, 37223–37232 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b12373

  • O. Parlak*, S.T. Keene, A. Marais, V.F. Curto, A. Salleo*, “Molecularly-selective Nanoporous Membrane-based Wearable Organic Electrochemical Device for Non-invasive Cortisol Sensing” Sci. Adv. 4, eaar2904 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar2904

  • Y.v.d. Burgt*, A. Melianas*, S.T. Keene, G. Malliaras, A. Salleo, “Organic electronics for neuromorphic computing” Nat. Electron. 1, 386-397 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-018-0103-3

  • S.T. Keene, A. Melianas, E. Fuller, Y.v.d. Burgt, A.A. Talin, A. Salleo*, “Optimized pulsed write schemes improve linearity and write speed for low-power organic neuromorphic devices” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 51, 224002 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aabe70

    2017

  • F. Santoro†, Y.v.d. Burgt†, S.T. Keene†, B. Cui*, A. Salleo*, “Enhanced cell-chip coupling by rapid femtosecond laser patterning of soft PEDOT:PSS bio-interfaces” ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 9, 39116-39122 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b12308

  • O. Parlak*, Y.K. Mishra, A. Grigoriev, M. Mecklenburg, W. Luo, S. Keene, A. Salleo, K. Schulte, R. Ahuja, R. Adelung, A.P.F. Turner, A. Tiwari*, “Hierarchical aerographite nano-microtubular tetrapodal networks based electrodes as lightweight supercapacitor” Nano Energy 34, 570-577 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.03.004

  • Y.v.d. Burgt, E. Lubberman, E.J. Fuller, S.T. Keene, G.C. Faria, S.Agarwal, M.J. Marinella, A.A. Talin*, A. Salleo*, “A non-volatile organic electrochemical device as a low-voltage artificial synapse for neuromorphic computing” Nat. Mater. 16, 414-418 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4856

    2016

  • Z. Hemmatian, S. Keene, E.E. Josberger, T. Miyake, C. Arbodela, J. Soto-Rodriguez, F. Baneyx, M. Rolandi*, “Electronic control of H+ current in a bioprotonic device with Gramicidin A and Alamethicin” Nat. Comm. 7, 12981 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12981

  • Y. Deng, T. Miyake*, S. Keene, E.E. Josberger, M. Rolandi, “Proton mediated control of biochemical reactions with bioelectronics pH modulation” Sci. Reports 6, 204080 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24080

    2015

  • Z. Hemmatian, T. Miyake, Y. Deng, E.E. Josberger, S. Keene, R. Kautz, C. Zhong, J. Jin, M. Rolandi*, “Taking electrons out of bioelectronics: bioprotonic memories, transistors, and enzyme logic” J. of Mat. Chem. C3, 6407-6412 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TC00502G

  • T. Miyake, E.E. Josberger, S. Keene, Y. Deng, M. Rolandi*, “An enzyme logic bioprotonic transducer”APL Mat. 3, 014906 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4900886

† Denotes equal contributions | * Denotes corresponding author(s)